Emitters clogging is one of the most important problems in the operation of drip IRRIGATION systems and also it is one of the main obstacles to the development of this IRRIGATION method. To investigate the effect of discharge, operating PRESSURE and management of IRRIGATION system on clogging, emitters with discharges of 4 and 8 l/h, under three different operating PRESSUREs (1. 0, 2. 0 and 3. 0 bar) and under three IRRIGATION management methods (four, two and one times flow cutoff in every four hours operation) were tested for 132 hours. Accordingly the research included 18 treatments with four replicates which lasted for four months from July to October. In order to monitor the clogging in a limited time, 0. 5 g/l of chalk was added to the water reservoir of the system. After 12, 36, 84 and 132 hours of the system operation, the clogging percentage of 4 l/h-emitter was 1. 49, 1. 12, 1. 14, and 1. 07 times more than the clogging percentage of 8 l/h-emitter. Discharge reduction in emitters under higher operating PRESSURE was less than that in emitters under lower operating PRESSUREs. After 132 hours of system operation, the clogging percentages in emitters under operating PRESSUREs of 1. 0, 2. 0 and 3. 0 bar were 91, 86 and 17, respectively. The effect of IRRIGATION management method in treatments under operation PRESSURE of 1. 0 and 2. 0 bar did not show a clear trend. Although, there was no meaningful difference between experimental treatments in emitters under 3. 0 bar operating PRESSURE, but in those with less flow interruption per the same operating time, less clogging was observed.

Background and ObjectivesReplacing the pressurized IRRIGATION system with surface IRRIGATION is one of the proposed solutions to increase IRRIGATION efficiency. The low-PRESSURE network consists of pipes that receives water from main and/or secondary canals or pipes and usually delivers it to farm units or hydro-flume pipes for surface IRRIGATION with a PRESSURE of lower than 10m of water. Various parameters affect the feasibility and design of low-PRESSURE IRRIGATION, which determine the economic justification of the plan, energy consumption, and its social desirability. In recent years, there has been more interest in implementing low-PRESSURE IRRIGATION instead of open tertiary canals. The reason for this is the reduction of water losses in the distribution and delivery process, the possibility of better management of water distribution, the possibility of volume delivery of water to agricultural plots, and the possibility of irrigating more lands. But there are still ambiguities in its economic and technical issues, and no significant research has been done on its design issues and parameters affecting its economic aspect. In this research, the design of a low-PRESSURE distribution system instead of the open canals and the simultaneous consideration of social and executive issues in an IRRIGATION area are considered. In addition, network design based on different design options (PRESSURE-energy consumption), evaluation and comparison of two types of sub-networks from an economic and operational view have been proposed as research objectives. Focusing on the correct selection of the pump (with a lower energy consumption approach) and estimating for the economic comparison of the two methods of IRRIGATION have been done.MethodologyThe land of Keyzarin village (with an area of 144 hectares) is located on the right bank of the Tangab river in Fars province. The lands of the right bank use the springs of the region, but the low efficiency of water distribution in the traditional canals has caused a significant reduction in the delivered water to the farms. The characteristics of the IRRIGATION network in the current situation are as follows: a canal with a length of 610meters and a design flow of 360 lit/s, leads a part of the water of the "Qomp Atashkade" spring to the dividing point and divides it equally into two canals. In order to design low-PRESSURE instead of the open canal, the layout of water conveyance and distribution lines is determined. The initial pipes’ diameter is determined according to the optimal speed, and then, the appropriate pump is selected based on the design flow rate and the topography of the area. In this research, the PRESSURE control system is selected according to the topography of the region and the slope of the land, the type of closed system. Socially, the available option for the layout of pipes is to follow the arrangement of the traditional canals. From a technical point of view, there are several options that, the main difference between them is in the hydraulic design and the type of pump used; So that, accordingly, the number of pumps, the commercial diameter of the pipes and the amount of energy consumed in each option are determined. Therefore, these options need to be compared technically and economically. In this research, 14 scenarios are defined based on 7 types of pump designs and two output PRESSUREs. The energy consumption of each scenario has been calculated according to the flow rate and cropping pattern in each IRRIGATION season. Then, the comparison of costs in low-PRESSURE and open canals network is calculated and compared.FindingsThe cost of constructing an open tertiary network per hectare of land is equal to 990 million-Rials. The costs of earthworks with machines, which are related to the volume of cut and fill, and then the cost of in-situ concrete, constitute the largest percentage of the total costs of the canal networks. Based on the results of the quantity surveying and estimating of the low-PRESSURE sub-network, the cost of constructing for each hectare is equal to 1654 million-Rials. However, if the operation and maintenance costs are not met and if the maintenance and operation of the low-PRESSURE pipes is neglected, the resulting problems will disable the network completely. The construction of the low-PRESSURE network in the studied area can make 3.6 hectares of land available to farmers due to the less space occupied by this network and also increase the cultivated area by 21.6hectares (A total of 17.5% is added to the cultivated land in the irrigated area). Considering the quality of land in the region, the price of each hectare of irrigated land and rainfed land in the region is estimated to be 1 billion-Rials and 300 million-Rials respectively. Therefore, as a result of the implementation of the low-PRESSURE network, the profit from the increase in the price of agricultural land (conversion of rainfed to irrigated) will be equal to 18 billion-Rials, which is equal to 83% of the total cost of the construction of the low-PRESSURE network. Proper layout of lands in low PRESSURE IRRIGATION can reduce the costs of construction of the network. Also, the amount of more land that can be cultivated after the implementation of low PRESSURE IRRIGATION and the amount of reduction of land waste compared to open canals can be effective in the economic justification of low PRESSURE IRRIGATION. In low-PRESSURE networks, repairs and maintenance, unlike open canals, are somehow mandatory. ConclusionAt the end of this plan, low-PRESSURE networks were chosen as the superior option over the tertiary canals due to various technical advantages and also to compensate for the initial implementation costs by increasing the water transmission efficiency and increasing the cultivated area. Based on the results obtained, it can be said that despite the acceptability of low-PRESSURE IRRIGATION, comprehensive studies should be done in each region for its implementation, and the specific economic-social conditions in a region may not be consistent with its implementation. Also, special attention should be paid to the final output PRESSURE, of the pumps based on different options and the type of low-PRESSURE IRRIGATION network.

Background and Objectives: The implementation of different IRRIGATION methods in different areas is influenced by factors such as climatic conditions, water quality, topography, soil characteristics, product type and socio-economic factors, some limitations in each of the above factors In the studied area, changes in the proposed IRRIGATION system. Issues and topics related to the choice of proposed IRRIGATION method, can be investigated by quantitative and qualitative indicators, the possibility of using these two simultaneously in the method of hierarchical analysis process, it has turned it into a powerful tool for analyzing issues in this section. Considering the above and the power of the hierarchical analysis process to decide on the appropriate method for IRRIGATION for the region and its strength in combination with GIS and less use of these two with each other in studies in recent years, in different parts of the country, As well as the northern Khorasan province and the city of Esfarayn, It was studied. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in Esfarayne County, North of Khorasan province and between 57 degrees and 30 minutes east longitude and 37 degrees and 4 minutes north latitude and total area of 5192 square kilometers. In this study, a method was developed and presented for grading the factors influencing the selection of new IRRIGATION systems. The effects of different factors using the correct digits (+3) to (3) investments are rated at seven points. In order to influence more important factors or preventing the same effect of factors with a different degree of importance, the coefficient is considered as the weight of each factor. This index is based on project conditions are determined using analytic hierarchy process. By combining analytic hierarchy process and geographical information system (GIS), multiplied by the weight of the layers entered. The final score, obtained of algebraic summation scores of each factor for each region. This rating is in fact the potential use of each new IRRIGATION systems. Data related to this study, has been prepared the IRRIGATION database under management of Jihad Agriculture in Esfarayen city. Results: In this research locating new methods of IRRIGATION for 77, 075 hectares of irrigated lands (agriculture and gardens) Esfarā yen city of North Khorasan province is performed and results are shown as maps with scores of each region of plan area for each new IRRIGATION systems. The results of this research show that: Out of 77, 075 hectares of land in the study area is intended, in accordance 58835 hectares (76. 5%) were recognized fit to Low PRESSURE IRRIGATION, 17105 hectares (22%) suitable for Local IRRIGATION Systems and 1135 hectares (1. 5%) suitable for Sprinkler IRRIGATION Systems. Conclusion: Low PRESSURE IRRIGATION system in the majority of regions except the northern areas because of unsuitable topography, has achieved the highest score. Therefore, Low PRESSURE IRRIGATION for raising IRRIGATION efficiency suggested to the majority of area and in other areas (North), Localized IRRIGATION system has been selected as the best new IRRIGATION systems.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences between irrigant replacement in the positive and negative PRESSURE IRRIGATION systems regarding root canal cleaning efficacy. Methods and Materials: A total of 27 extracted single-root mandibular premolars with 18-20 mm root canal length were decoronated and equally divided into three groups (n=9) based on the IRRIGATION system used: positive IRRIGATION with side-vented needle as the control group (C), positive IRRIGATION with an open-ended needle as the first group (T1) and negative IRRIGATION as the second group (T2). The root canals were irrigated with 2. 5% NaOCl between each instrumentation, followed by a final IRRIGATION with 5 mL of sterile distilled water. The IRRIGATION replacements were monitored by means of computational fluid dynamic (CFD), while a scanning electrone microscope (SEM) was used to observe the smear layers and plug evaluations after the teeth had been sectioned longitudinally and buccolingually halves subsequently cut in apical third area. The result was analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney and Spearman correlation tests. The level of significance was set at 0. 05. Result: Irrigant replacement in the negative PRESSURE IRRIGATION system tends to produce a greater effect in reaching the apical end compared to in the positive PRESSURE IRRIGATION system. This resulted in significantly superior smear layer removal in the apical third area (P<0. 05). Conclusion: The IRRIGATION solution exchange of the negative PRESSURE IRRIGATION system is more capable of reaching the apical end compared to the positive PRESSURE IRRIGATION system, resulting in a higher sanitation level in the apical third of the root canal.

A new analytical procedure taking into account the non-uniform outflow profile for hydraulic analysis and design of multiple outlets pipelines is presented. The method is developed based on presenting a new friction head loss distribution along the lateral. The proposed method simulates PRESSURE and outflow profiles along the trickle or sprinkler IRRIGATION laterals and manifolds, as well as gated pipes. The velocity head change was considered, whereas minor head losses were neglected. The presented technique was compared with the accurate step by step (SBS) method to justify its accuracy for lateral design. The comparison test for various design combinations indicated that the proposed method is sufficiently accurate. The suggested method could be applied in designing IRRIGATION laterals.

Background and Objectives: A drip tape IRRIGATION system is a new pressurized IRRIGATION system. The performance of this system depends on the choice of IRRIGATION tape and its hydraulics and lack of attention to it will reduce the IRRIGATION efficiency and water distribution uniformity, increase the system operating time, and tapes changing constantly. Numerous factors affect the discharge of the drip tape IRRIGATION, the most important of which are the changes in PRESSURE and temperature of the IRRIGATION water. Changes in field topography, unsuitable design of the IRRIGATION system, as well as the use of tapes with long length, cause a PRESSURE difference between the drippers of the IRRIGATION tapes. Hot water is also considered a freshwater resource in the world and is used directly for IRRIGATION in some countries. Also, the water temperature of the laterals pipes exposed to direct sunlight increases significantly. In some studies, the effect of increasing or decreasing water temperature on the discharge of tapes of drip IRRIGATION has been studied, but in this study, the effect of water temperature in different operating PRESSUREs on the two types of drip IRRIGATION tapes of seaming and plaque equipped has been studied and was attempted to present the results as applied equations and compared. Materials and Methods: In this study, 10 types of drip IRRIGATION tapes were selected from two types of seaming and plaque equipped with the codes ID, I, T1, T2, T3, T4, B, S, P, and YD. In each tape, 25 incisions were tested, which every incision included at least 3 dripper units. The length of each incision was in the range of 100 to 120 cm. In order to investigate the simultaneous effect of PRESSURE and IRRIGATION water temperature on the discharge of IRRIGATION tapes, a physical model was designed and built in the Research Laboratory of Water Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan. 4 different IRRIGATION water temperatures, including 13, 23, 33, and 43 centigrade, were applied to the IRRIGATION tapes at operating PRESSUREs of 1 meter to 1. 2 times the maximum PRESSURE. All tests were performed according to ISO 9261 and IRISI 6775. General Equations of discharge-PRESSURE and normalized discharge-Temperature, all tapes were obtained. To investigate the effect of IRRIGATION water temperature on the discharge of IRRIGATION tapes, data analysis was performed by SAS statistical software in the form of a completely randomized block design. Then, if the temperature effect on the IRRIGATION tape discharge was significant, the mean discharge at different temperatures was compared with the LSD test at a confidence level of α =0. 05. Results: In all drip IRRIGATION tapes and temperatures studied, the power of the discharge-PRESSURE equation was greater than 0. 2 and less than 0. 8, indicating that all the tapes were of the PRESSURE-non compensating type and their flexibility is in terms of PRESSURE changes desirable and acceptable. The effect of temperature on the discharge of all IRRIGATION tapes was significant (P<0. 05) and often increased with increasing temperature. Also, changes in temperature caused changes in the coefficients of the equations, which, of course, did not have a definite trend. The sensitivity of plaque equipped drip IRRIGATION tapes to temperature changes was lower than seaming drip IRRIGATION tapes and had lower discharge changes. Conclusion: All of the drip IRRIGATION tapes studied are of good quality in terms of sensitivity to PRESSURE changes. Also, due to the fact that increasing the temperature of IRRIGATION water increases the discharge of the tapes, it is recommended to use the plaque equipped tapes and normalized discharge equations proposed by the present study in areas where the changes in IRRIGATION water temperature are significant.

Background: The current study is to evaluate cardiovascular effects of anesthetic medications and volatile anesthetics on cardiac stress using cardiac stress index (CSI) and rate PRESSURE product (RPP) and to determine which of them in useful in evaluating cardiac stress after comparing results obtained from each method.Materials and methods: 40 patients, 60-80 years old, who were all performed trans abdominal prostatectomy were studied. Patients were divided into two groups, half of patients were placed in group A and the other half in group B. The study was carried out as a blinded study. CSI was measured and evaluated in group A and RPP changes were studied in group B.Results: The mean CSI were 60.25±5.57, 63.05±5.54, 55.75±4.78 and 67.65±4.88 before anesthesia induction, after induction, before surgical incision and in recovery respectively. There was no meaningful difference.RPP mean in four above mentioned stages was 10.15±0.44, 9.9±0.69, 6.8±0.36 and 9.2±0.61 respectively. There was a meaningful difference between RPP in stages before anesthesia induction and before surgical incision (P<0.0001).Conclusion: Considering the obtained results from this study, it can be seen that even in noncardiac surgery, the stress level is high in patients in the stage before surgery. This figure was not clear in RPP index case and was not in accordance with CSI, which means CSI has been able to illustrate existing stress level better and efficiently.

Tea is the most popular drink after water in the world and more and more people are consuming it every day. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the production of this product per unit area. Since in some months of the year the amount of rainfall does not meet the water requirement of the plant, to produce more product per unit area, Supply of water shortage with proper IRRIGATION method is unavoidable. Methods: In order to investigate the effect of different IRRIGATION methods and IRRIGATION levels on the yield and water use efficiency of Chinese hybrid cultivar tea plant (Camellia sinensis L. ), an experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design in three replications with three main treatments including permanent sprinkler IRRIGATION (SI), local drip IRRIGATION (DI) and strip drip IRRIGATION (TDI), and three sub-treatments including without IRRIGATION (I0), 50 (I1) and 100 (I2)% of crop water requirement in 1399 in the Research Station of Fashalam tea garden in Fooman region. In order to determine the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the study area, soil samples were taken from a depth of 0 to 20, 20 to 40 and 40 to 60 cm and were analyzed in the laboratory. In this experiment, the field capacity, permanent wilting point, bulk density and pH was determined and soil texture was measured by hydrometric method. The meteorological data required to calculate the water requirement of the tea plant were prepared from the Rasht agricultural meteorological station. The amount of rainfall during the IRRIGATION period (May to November) in 2020 was equal to 307. 197 mm, which was lower than the average rainfall of the last 30 years in the same IRRIGATION period was 188. 2 mm. The water requirement of the tea plant was calculated using the daily data of 30 years of Rasht agricultural meteorological station with penman monteith FAO method by software of CROPWAT 8. 0, and then the daily water requirement of the plant by considering the water use efficiency of 80% in sprinkler IRRIGATION system and 95% in the drip IRRIGATION system was determined. Gross amount of IRRIGATION water was determined based on plant water requirement, soil moisture holding capacity and water use efficiency in sprinkler and drip IRRIGATION systems. The net amount of IRRIGATION water in the treatment of the 50% of the plant water requirement was equal to 50% of the amount of the net IRRIGATION water in the treatment 100% of the plant water requirement. The volume of water given to each plot at each IRRIGATION period was measured using a water meter to the nearest tenth of a liter. Results: The results of the data variance analysis showed that the effect of IRRIGATION methods, different levels of IRRIGATION and their interaction on the yield of green and dry tea leaves and water use efficiency based on green and dry tea leaves were significant at the level of one percent probability. So that the average of the lowest green and dry leaf yield and water use efficiency based on green and dry leaves with 3846. 90 and 1044/7 kg/ha, and with 1. 23 and 1. 33 kg/m3 in DI IRRIGATION method and the highest of them with 7859. 70 and 2129. 6 kg/ha, and with 2. 39 and 0. 65 kg/m3 were observed in SI IRRIGATION method which increased by 2. 043 and 2. 038, and 1. 94 and 1. 97 times in compared with DI IRRIGATION method, respectively. Also, the lowest green and dry leaf yield and water use efficiency based on green and dry leaves with 1050. 1 and 299. 16 kg/ha, and 0. 44 and 0. 13 kg/m3 at I0 IRRIGATION level, and the highest of them with 8947. 20 and 2418. 17 kg/ha, and 2. 53 and 0. 65 kg/m3 were observed at I2 IRRIGATION level which increased by 8. 52 and 8. 08, and 5. 75 and 5. 00 times in compared with I0 IRRIGATION level, respectively. The results of the interaction of IRRIGATION methods at different levels of plant water requirement on green tea leaf yield showed that the highest yield with 13000 kg/ha was obtained in SI IRRIGATION method with I2 IRRIGATION level. Therefore, SI IRRIGATION method with I2 IRRIGATION level can be considered as optimum method to the tea green leaf production in the Fooman region.

The current study aimed to determine and analyze Solutions of low-PRESSURE IRRIGATION system in the East Azarbaijan Province. Data collection was performed using semi structured interview method. We conduct an interview with experts of IRRIGATION, soil and agricultural extension sectors as well as famers who had a purposeful use of technics. In order to achieving appropriate research validity, we applied triangulation-data sources and monitored them by the experts. Statistical analysis was performed using MAXQDA software version 10 based on basic theory including open, oriented and optional coding stage. The result indicates that based on there were 6 main categories, 25 sub-categories as well as 171 conceptual units. Effective measures should be taken into consideration in order to develop the low-PRESSURE IRRIGATION system. The results showed that measurements including creating educational-promotional mechanisms, reducing administrative complexity, improving farmers' participation, long-lasting monitoring, follow-up and consulting during and after implementation, financial supports and creating infrastructure activities.